Jails and Prison Comparison - 1067 Words

Jails and Prisons Comparison University of Phoenix CJA/234 Ms. Pamela Collinshill June 25, 2013 Introduction: For more than two hundred years the United States has used incarceration to punish any and all criminals. Jails and prisons are the institutions that judges send criminals to so they can serve time depending on the seriousness of the crime that the individual has committed. Being incarcerated is the humane form of punishment that is used considering how they used to punish individuals back in older times, when criminal justice was looked at differently. Jails Jail is a place where a criminal is confined to temporarily while awaiting trial or conviction of†¦show more content†¦Jails are used for short- term confinement facilities that are operated locally. Jails mainly hold people who are pending trials or ones who have just got arrested. So while federal prisons are to be considered maximum security levels, city jails can be considered minimum to low security levels, depending on the individual who is being arrested. State prison can be considered medium to high security levels. Comparing the two: A huge factor in the way jails, state and federal prisons are run is due to the growth in these facilities. â€Å"As of June 30, 2008, the states operated almost 1,250 prisons holding approximately 1.41 million inmates. Between 1980 and 2008, the federal inmate population increased dramatically from just over 24,000 to over 200,000. At midyear 2008, the nation’s 3,376 local jails held 785,556 inmates.† (Sieter, 2011) Some influencing factors as to why the number of inmates has increased is the get tough on crime way of thinking that society has encouraged. The public and judges do not want any individual who is to be considered dangerous to be back on the streets therefore they set high bails as to keep them locked up. Another reason is the pressure of the war on drugs the more individuals that they arrest and question the closer they are to ending the war. Society and the public have a lot to do with the increase of inmates, they want toShow MoreRelatedA Brief Co mparison of Jails and Prisons785 Words   |  3 PagesBrief Comparison of Jails Prisons A Brief Comparison of Jails Prisons It is common knowledge that one of the primary penalties of violating the law is incarceration. Civilians, those who are not in the business of law enforcement, and even some professionals in the criminal justice field, throw around the terms jail and prison quite often, using them interchangeably. Jails and prisons are not the same. This paper will elucidate some of the primary differences between jails and prisons as wellRead MoreJails and Prisons Comparison Essay1064 Words   |  5 PagesPrisons and jails hold some similar characteristics but are completely different models in which they serve in the criminal justice system. Some of the types of crimes that America faces today are: violent crimes, property, white collar or organized crime, and public order crimes (Worrall, 2008). The criminal justice system sets the regulations and policies of how an offender will be held accountable for their inappropriate actions. The criminal justice system is a process that takes time and m oneyRead MoreJail and Prison Comparison Paper1460 Words   |  6 PagesJail and Prisons Comparison Paper Jail is usually the first place a person is taken after being arrested by police officers. The authority of states to build, operate, and fill jails can be found in the Tenth Amendment, which has been construed to grant to states the power to pass their own laws to preserve the safety, health, and welfare of their communities. Jail is to protect the public and citizens of county by providing a wide range of constructive, professional correctional services forRead MoreJails and Prisons Comparison Paper1965 Words   |  8 PagesJail and Comparisons Paper David L. Alexander CJA/234 October 8, 2012 Robin Kemp In considering the jails, as well as state and federal prisons, and in modern America, one must understand the historical contexts in which the three institutions were conceptualized and put into practice. Then a discussion of the reasons behind the drastic recent growth off these three ancient institutions must be had. Finally, a review of the security classifications which enable these facilitiesRead MorePrisons : Prisons And Prisons1332 Words   |  6 PagesJails and Prisons Comparison Paper Throughout history, the general public often misinterprets the difference between jails and prisons. For long confinement terms, jails are not used to hold sentenced offenders. However, jails are the oldest of the correctional components. According to Seiter (2011), jails were initiated prior to halfway houses, parole, probation, or prisons. Also, jails hold various offenders such as those being held administratively for a criminal justice agency, waiting to transferRead MoreCorrectional Facilities1152 Words   |  5 Pageshistory of state and federal prisons, a comparison of the similarities and differences * * between security levels in jails, state prisons, and federal prisons ,and explanting factors influencing * * growth in jails, state prisons, and federal prisons. Jail is basically a place where an offender who committed a crime whether it is petty theft or murder goes to keep away from society, and hopefully change their ways and reform them for the better. The jails now days are not exactRead MoreMental Illness And Substance Abuse Problems1563 Words   |  7 PagesThis study examined how the characteristics of people with mental illness who are participants in post-booking jail diversion programs affect recidivism and time spent incarcerated (Case, Dupuis Morris, 2009). The study employed data from a multi-site, federally funded jail diversion initiative. A pre–post comparison design was used to compare experiences of arrest and days spent in jail of diverted individuals for the twelve months following enrollment with the twelve months before enrollment (CaseRead MoreJails and Prisons History and Development Final1591 Words   |  7 PagesJails and Prisons History and Development Introduction Jails and prisons lay at the heart of the Criminal Justice System. These facilities helped forge the concept of rehabilitation. These institutions have changed over time and now reflect the modern methods of housing convicted individuals who need to be reformed or punished. Description of jails The clear concise difference between a jail and a prison is the time limit a convicted person is sentenced to and what offenses were committed. InRead MoreJails And Prisons1418 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿ Jails And Prisons Adam Putnam CJA/204 February 18, 2014 Leroy Hendrix Jails And Prisons In the following paragraphs comparisons between the Rappahannock Regional Jail in Stafford County, Virginia and Federal Corrections Institution Petersburg Medium in Hopewell City, Virginia. The types of prisons will be identified. The major differences between the Rappahannock Regional Jail and FCI Petersburg Medium will be examined. Jail and prison culture and subculture as well as the violent behaviorRead MoreWomen are being incarcerated in today’s prisons at an alarming rate. Unfortunately, disparities in1600 Words   |  7 PagesWomen are being incarcerated in today’s prisons at an alarming rate. Unfortunately, disparities in policies, women’s programs, and treatment options in the criminal justice system are virtually non-existent which are causing major problems with overcrowding, health issues, and drug abuse problems. It is no secret that the number one reason women are being incarcerated is due to a large rate in drug charge policies. The war on drugs has had a major impact on the lives of women in the criminal justice

Retail Tracking Systems Free Essays

Retail Tracking Systems Retail Pro or MicroStrategy? Retail Pro is Business Intelligence software that enables retail store owners to customize a â€Å"Point-of-Sale† (POS) method of retailing. The key feature of this software is the ability to create multiple revenues of sales inside one store. The software allows employees to select from an array of add-on modules to run a retail establishment using strategic planning and undergoing the various tasks involved operating a retail establishment. We will write a custom essay sample on Retail Tracking Systems or any similar topic only for you Order Now Retail Pro is flexible, easy to use, and accommodates small businesses to large corporations by increasing retention and customer satisfaction by creating the â€Å"better client experience†. (Retail Pro International, 2010) Retail Pro Software Features * Software infrastructure * Point of Sale and Store Operations * Merchandising * Central Customer Management * Central Returns Management * Oracle Database Engine This software creates very flexible reporting of business data you need at the time you need it. The POS and back office has extensive capabilities creating a work flow customized upon the needs of your business such as inventory management, purchase ordering, integration with payment solutions, store replenishment, receiving, and employee management. Retail Pro is perfect for businesses starting out small and grows as the business grows. There are several modules that are centrally focused on what types of products you sell in your retail establishment. Some of these modules are as listed: * Gifts and Toy Solutions Hard Goods Solutions * Home Furnishing Solutions * Specialty Apparel Solutions * Jewelry Solutions Each of these modules specialize in helping keep track of inventory, merchandising, customer management using role-specific dashboards capable of period to period analysis and reporting to improve business, store performance, and profit margins. The advantages of its Business Intelligence is that it saves time and money, improves profit margins, increases business and s tore performance, and maximizes returns on existing data sources. Retail Pro International, 2010) MicroStrategy is Business Intelligence Software for retail tracking systems in the palm of your hand. It’s the Mobile Business Intelligence that applies iPad as a business tool. You can access dashboards to create brilliant business analysis and reports any time, any where. Besides having extraordinary displays for data, MicroStrategy includes the following features: * Unlimited data analysis * Data mining * Forecasting * Operations Management * Executive decision making MicroStrategy’s mobile iPhone and iPad views videos on YouTube and views Podcasts in iTunes. This mobile retail tracking system even comes with a free custom dashboard. The Business Intelligence Architecture is low in cost for ownership and delivers high performance and sophisticated analytics. If you are interested in Beta Programs, there are options one can participate. The following is what is included in MicroStrategy’s business applications: * Mobile Business Intelligence Financial Analysis * HR Analytics * Supply Chain Analytics * Sales Analytics * CRM * Balanced Scoreboard MicroStrategy is World Class Business Intelligence for all your business needs. It is very user friendly migrating from departmental Business Intelligence to enterprise Business Intelligence. MicroStrategy can develop and deploy department Business Intelligence applications quickly and deliver enterprise Business Intelligence with higher performance and efficiency. (MicroStrategy, 2010) I knew there was a strategy involved in running a retail establishment, but I did not realize that retail tracking systems available today creating your Point-of-Sale could be as easy as using the computer to keep track of the elements involved in various levels regarding merchandizing to keeping inventory, customer satisfaction to the â€Å"better client experience, and payment solutions to business analysis reports. It is wonderful to know that there are solutions you can implement that can make your business experience a good one! What features of a Point-of-Sale retail tracking system would be important to me would be directly related to how I plan to expand my business levels beyond the brick and mortar retail establishment. My boutique is going to retail various products that I create and design myself which includes fashion design apparel, jewelry, home decor items, Nature Crafts, custom-made gifts, and toys—items that are included inside my product labels of my brand. I would have to start out with a tracking system that meets these needs to run my retail establishment which are as follows: * Inventory Management system for each label separately Merchandising of products under each label separately * Payment Solutions that allow payment by other methods that are not cash purchases * Customer Management * Point-of-Sale options * Business Intelligence for analytical reports and business operations * Employee Management * Consumer behavior, geographical, economic, and social trends statistics * Securi ty of business operations and store location I plan to add to my business by featuring instructional classes teaching various types of crafts a couple times a week, changing the activities when consumer interest and participation changes. I am also adding a new element of offering custom designed clothing and accessories upon customer request. A couple of my product labels will expand in the operations of how the product is presented to consumers by expanding the activities and product in various ways. Basically, the changes that will happen beyond the brick and mortar retail establishment will happen upon expanding the different business levels of each label, adding a few new features that compliment the products, and by getting customer participation teaching various art activities. I will also expand my marketing boundaries by adding a website customers can purchase my products, contemplate the possibilities of creating a product catalog, and have certain products available to consumers placed in other stores that carry similar items. Plans of expansion beyond the retail location will need a more complex Point-of-sale retail tracking system than what would already be in place. Features I would consider important due to the changes of business operations at this point would be as follows: Multiple levels of sales reflecting the expansion of the various labels group * Website operations and Point-of-Sale system attached to various labels group * Packaging and drop shipping department added to business operations which will require a more complex system so that product sales are attached to correct label group * Retail accounts added to business revenue * Adding a Point-of-Sale system that involves the custom designed apparel made upon customer requests, or altera tions made to purchased store apparel * Customizable Business Intelligence features and POS system accommodating business expansion levels Based upon my business needs at the beginning of my retail establishment, features that I would require of a POS retail tracking system would be relatively basic of retail operations and tasks. I would want to start my retail business operations with a POS tracking system that would allow the changes of various nature when I started to expand my business operations. Of the two tracking systems discussed in this report, Retail Pro and MicroStrategy Business Intelligence Software, the system I feel would be the best fit would be Retail Pro because of the versatility of the Business Intelligence features the software includes. Retail Pro has the capability of customizing the system of operations to accommodate the complexity of each product label group as expansion is implemented. My business level of operations is definitely one that does not resemble what would be considered a traditional retail system of operations because each product label is considered to be a separate unit of business to start. When expansion changes the avenues on which each product label makes revenue, the already in-place POS tracking system has to be able to accommodate these changes. Retail Pro’s features and customizable system of operations can accommodate changes very easily. Even with the most complex system of operations a business could have, Retail Pro would be the best fit to meet all the needs and expectations I need to operate my retail business. MicroStrategy is, in my opinion, not as convenient a fit for my establishment and nature of my multiple revenue types because the product’s mobile capabilities is not a feature I consider important, if at all, when choosing a POS retail tracking system and it working efficiently for its purpose matching the structure of my business operations. I would use a POS retail tracking system upon business start-up because starting my POS system as the business grows will be a positive action that will get results for the purpose of the tracking system benefits. As my business grows, doing business without a tracking system in place would be a sure failure. Company websites included inside this report: http://www. retailpro. com/ http://www. microstrategy. com/ How to cite Retail Tracking Systems, Papers

Share Economy Business BMC

Question: Write an essay about share economy business? Answer: Business Model Canvas The impart economy implies the collective utilization made by the exercises of offering, trading, and rental of assets without owning the products. This present economy started to spread generally by imparting the unused assets between people. In the current imparting economy, the sort of asset that can be imparted was stretched out to impalpable assets and the objects of the imparted economy were additionally reached out to the endeavors that interface buyer to purchaser (C2C) and supplier to customer (B2C) (Das Gupta, Ananda). As of late, a study is being led to apply the offering economy between ventures. The meaning of the offering economy between people characterized by the previous studies, the imparting economy between endeavors was characterized as "community oriented exercises to loan unused products and administrations, which are required to be in overabundance if individual undertakings own them, possessed by an undertaking to another venture, or to contribute and utilize the merchandise and administrations together with another endeavor". These ideas of the imparting economy between endeavors are recommended as a different option for explain different challenges that little organizations experience these days. This has the goal to impart the overabundance assets between little organizations by acquainting the offering economy and to uphold their intensity through the expense lessening and the acknowledgment of the economy of scale (Johansson, Bjorn, Bo Andersson, and Nicklas Holmberg). It might be considered as another kind of business thusly. A plan of action is an outline and situation on which an undertaking might perform its business. Just through the very much arranged plan of action can an endeavor work its business effectively. Several wasteful IT development undertakings experience the ill effects of the way that the specialized arrangements they propose never appear. Significant exploration and ventures go into determination and improvement of yet another data framework or model demonstrating a novel idea that, in the end, neglects to be consumed into genuine settings. We contend that such activities fall flat on the grounds that they are simply the aftereffect of yet another innovation push and are launched without a fitting examination of the issue in its undertaking setting. Yet, they may have a colossal effect on the framework prerequisites. Particularly when the responses to the above inquiries may concern various partners, the chance that the item is embraced and actualized is seriously constrained (Meier, Horst). To make this conceivable, a procedure is essential for relating venture architectures to plans of action. Obviously, the announcement above lays on the presumption that such venture structural engineering does exist. In fact, since IT advancement ventures are regularly activated by (consortia of) settled associations, they once in a while happen in a green field circumstance (the recent is presumably just the case for new companies). Thusly, the primary objective and commitment of this paper are to investigate the connections between two displaying formalisms used to determine venture architectures and plans of action, individually: The Open Group's endeavor structural engineering demonstrating standard, ArchiMate and Osterwalder's Business Model Canvas (BMC) (Osterwalder, Alexander, Yves Pigneur, and Tim Clark). The motivation behind this study is to outline the plan of action for the imparting economy between ventures. For this, the ideas of plans of action specified in the current writing are masterminded and their constituent components will be checked on. In light of the over, a plan of action that mirrors the qualities of the said plans of action is proposed. At that point, it was accepted through the contextual analysis on the sort of big business that can be considered as an illustration of the imparting economy between undertakings. Business Model for the Sharing Economy Business Model Canvas is to deduct the plan of action and the studies on the offering economy between ventures led as such, a procedure that recommends a plan of action for the offering economy between endeavors was utilized, viewed as an illustration of the offering economy between undertakings, renewing the deficient part of plan of action by applying the above plan of action to the organization. The early on methodology for the offering economy between little organizations determined the meaning of the imparting economy between undertakings on the premise of the imparting economy in the middle of big business and individual, and in the middle of individual and person which involved the majority of the imparting economy (Prabhu, Vittal, Marco Taisch, and Dimitris Kiritsis). The imparting economy between undertakings can be characterized as "the community exercises to give the unused merchandise and administrations, which are relied upon to be in abundance if individual endeavors own them, possessed by an undertaking to the next big business, or to contribute and utilize the products and administrations together with the other venture." in the meantime, the offering economy between ventures was isolated by sort and reason. To accept the plan of action of imparting economy, the current case like the offering economy was connected. As the current cases like the imparting economy between endeavors, Tech Shop and Cooperative Distribution Center were chosen. Tech Shop is a sort of big business in which any individual can utilize the specific exceptional apparatus, which people discover hard to handle, and different apparatuses, which are elusive at home; at sensibly ease, without purchasing them. Exercises, for example, hardware owning, client administration, and helping the clients for advantageous utilization, are the exercises of Tech Shop, and the Cost Structure is made from these exercises. The plan of action canvas depicts a plan of action through nine fundamental building obstructs that demonstrate the rationale of how an organization plans to profit. The nine pieces cover the four principle ranges of a business: clients, offer, framework and budgetary obligation. The four territories are affected by the Balanced Scorecard (BSC) of Kaplan and Norton, and more general administration writing (Whelan, Jonathan, and Graham Meaden). The BSC impacts the four ranges as takes after: the client zone is affected by the client viewpoint, the offer range is impacted by the development and learning point of view, the foundation region is affected by the inside business viewpoint and the monetary territory is affected by the budgetary viewpoint. References Barnes, James C, Deborah Barnes, and Philip Jan Rothstein. Business Continuity And HIPAA. Brookfield, Conn.: Rothstein Associates, 2004. Print. Cann, Roderick van, Slinger Jansen, and Sjaak Brinkkemper. Software Business Start-Up Memories. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013. Print. Clark, Tim et al. Business Model You. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley, 2012. Print. Das Gupta, Ananda. Ethics, Business, And Society. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Response Books, 2010. Print. Johansson, Bjorn, Bo Andersson, and Nicklas Holmberg. Perspectives In Business Informatics Research. Print. Meier, Horst. Product-Service Integration For Sustainable Solutions. Berlin: Springer, 2013. Print. Osterwalder, Alexander, Yves Pigneur, and Tim Clark. Business Model Generation. Print. Prabhu, Vittal, Marco Taisch, and Dimitris Kiritsis. Advances In Production Management Systems. Print. Whelan, Jonathan, and Graham Meaden. Business Architecture. Farnham: Ashgate Publishing Ltd, 2012. Print.

Learning and Behavior

Introduction Learning is a continuous process and has proven to be an important aspect in the lives of human beings. By definition, Akers loosely describes learning as the process through which human beings gain knowledge, skills and expertise that can be applied in day-to-day endeavors (32).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Learning and Behavior specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Considering the importance of learning, theorists have over the years developed various models that try to explain how different individuals learn and the thought process behind each learning model. As such, these learning theories propose mechanisms that account for the changes that occur as a result of our learning experiences. Learning theories such as the social and constructivist theories have resulted in the identification of mechanisms through which experiences in the environment would alter and sustain changes in behavior. These ch anges are of a relatively permanent nature and Akers and Gary affirm that the changes in human behavior are as a result of human being’s extensive capacity for learning (64). Both these theories are among the most popular learning theories. They have been reviewed and applied in many areas and has helped in understanding how consequences can invariably affect or shape an individual’s learning. This study will utilize the assumptions forwarded by these theories to further our understanding in regards to the extent to which consequences derived from a behavior can shape our learning. To this end, this discussion shall aim to answer the following question: Does a consequence have to follow behavior in order for any learning to occur? A scenario whereby these theories could be applied in real life situations will be given and a detailed description of how one would implement operant conditioning demonstrated. Description of social and constructivist theories MacKeracher as serts that learning refers to the content of thought or to what we acquire through the learning process and that learning styles explicitly refer to how we have acquired such knowledge or skill (74). Learning styles are achieved by combining a number of learning strategies to come up with particular learning styles. Individuals can implement several strategies of learning but often prefer to rely on the strategy they know best. It is widely agreed by educators all over the world that individuals who actively engage in the learning process are likely to achieve greater success. This assertion is backed by numerous education literature which reveals that once individuals are engaged in a particular learning process that suits them, they feel empowered and their propensity for higher personal achievements significantly rises.Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The significance of learning styles springs from the fact that â€Å"each individual has personally preferred strategies for processing information and for learning† (MacKeracher 79). It is these strategies that determine the manner in which an individual goes about the learning task. The constructivist theory of learning is one of the most well-known and applicable models of experiential learning. While this theory is not specific to behavioral studies, its applicability in the consequence-behavior paradigm remains relevant. Mulligan Griffin theorize that the reason why the constructivist theory is most applicable in deciphering learning is because it has been found successful in explaining how individuals learn. This model argues for a â€Å"dialectical relationship between learner and environment in which two diametrically opposed modes of knowing provide the means through which we appropriate our experience and transform it† (Gelfand 17). Scenario for learning theory Application The case prov ided presents a classic example of a child whose underlying desires to have some chewing gum forces him to steal a packet after the caretaker refuses to buy them for him. While the shop owner insists that spanking the child for the wrong done is the only solution that can guarantee deterrence from such an act, the caregiver argues that there are better and more effective ways of finding resolve in regards to the situation at hand. Using the aforementioned theories as the basis for this debate, the caregiver can irrefutably support his stance against spanking. For example, in Bandura’s social learning theory, Bandura proposes that people often acquire their social skills through observation, imitation and modeling (Akers 18). He states that in as much as we acquire intellect through class work, the social skills that we have are learnt from other people. As such, Ben’s actions can best be explained by the fundamental components behind this theory.Advertising We wil l write a custom essay sample on Learning and Behavior specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The first component of this theory is behavior potential. According to Bandura, this refers to the probability of adopting a particular behavior in a given situation. Behavior potential explores the likelihood of an individual to exhibit particular behaviors as a result of past experiences or behaviors and can be used to explain how habits are developed. Considering Ben’s age, the likelihood of him behaving the way he did is very high because as a child, his desire for the chewing gum surpasses his perception of the risks or consequences that may arise if caught with the stolen gum. As such, spanking him after being caught would only be viewed as a punishment for being caught and not for stealing. What this means is that the likelihood of Ben doing it again would remain high simply because he can reinvent his habits to ensure that he steals without being caught. The second component is expectancy. Expectancy as explained by Bandura refers to the probability that a particular behavior will yield a desirable outcome. In this case, Ben’s decision to steal the gum was mainly influenced by the fact that the outcome would be favorable for him. As such, since his expectancy was high in regards to attaining a favorable outcome, his confidence in relations to the outcome was boosted. This means that the likelihood that his stealing habits are to continue is relatively high. Thirdly, Bandura argues that a behavior is strengthened by how desirable its outcome or consequence is. This assertion brings about the concept of reinforcement value. As such, if an individual considers the outcome of a behavior to be positive, then the behavior is likely to continue and invariably, sustain itself. However, if the consequence is negative, there is a high probability that the occurrence of the behavior will decrease. The fourth and fi nal component is the psychological situation. It is a known fact that people differ in regards to how they perceive and interpret situations. This concept lays a great foundation for the ‘locus of control’ concept. This concept refers to belief that an individual determines his/her life experiences.Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More There are two categories of this concept; the internal loci which focuses on the belief that individuals success or failure is as a result of their own efforts and the external loci which focuses on the belief that consequences and outcomes of a persons behaviors are controlled and shaped by other people. In the later case, factors such as fate, luck and destiny among others play a pivotal role. Discussion In light of the social learning theory, spanking Ben for his behavior would not be the most viable solution since it does not address the primary cause of his action. Using the explanation provided above, it is evident that stealing as a habit involves a series of thought processes and the mere fact that Ben was caught is enough to deter the habit since it is a negative consequence to the act. In addition, Bandura asserts that learning of a behavior depends on the environment and social interactions. As such, the best solution would be to monitor these aspects and ensure that Ben associates himself with positive peers and is in an environment that offers positive reinforcement to good behavior. In so doing, the care giver will have deterred the undesired habit without necessarily applying any negative reinforcement or punishment. Conclusion This study set out to discuss one of the major learning theories; social learning model. To this end, a description of the theory of social learning and its functioning has been given. Further on, a demonstration of how classical conditioning can be used in a practical situation to elicit desired behavior has also been provided. From the discussion, it is evident that spanking as a consequence for bad behavior may not suffice in shaping and facilitating positive change to an individual facing various social and environmental influences. Works Cited Akers, Ronald. Social learning and social structure: a general theory of crime and deviance. USA: Transaction Publishers, 2009. Print. Akers, Ronald and Gary F. Jensen. Social Learning Theory and the Explanation of Crime. USA: Transaction Publishers, 2007. Print. Gelfand, Donna. Social learning in childhood: readings in theory and application. New York: Brooks/Cole Pub. Co., 1975. Print. MacKeracher, Dorothy. Making Sense of Adult Learning. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2004. Print. This essay on Learning and Behavior was written and submitted by user Athena Barber to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Why There Is No Peace In Israel

Why There Is No Peace In Israel Introduction The book How Israel Lost analyzes four areas that have affected people of Israel and Palestine for several years. The author has divided the book into four parts. The first and the third parts discuss about Israel. The second part discusses about Palestine, and the last part wraps all the ideas together and comes up with viable solutions.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Why There Is No Peace In Israel? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Among the issues and questions answered by the book, there is the following: Why is there no peace in Israel? In this area, the writer gives his own views why Israel has not lived peacefully with Palestine. I found this area of discussion most interesting. This paper discusses why there is no peace between the two neighboring nations. Useful Discussions in the Book According to Cramer (2004), border crisis is the cause of unrest in Israel and Palestine. Israel attacks Pale stine at bounder while Palestine attacks Israel for the sake of revenge. This has led to suffering of the Israelites and the Palestinians living in Gaza and west bank and, as a result, a long-term crisis between the two nations. According to Cramer (2004), as the Israelites attack Palestine to gain more land and resources from the land occupied by Palestinians, they become victims just like the Palestine. This means the war between the two nation will only oppress their citizens whether the Palestinians or the Israelites. According to Cramer (2004), Jews living in Israel seem to have forgotten the principles found in the state. Their goals and standard were to become the light on democracy and peace to whole world. It would be observed that this is not the case in the current Israel. The country is not at peace at all either internally or externally. They are always fighting and oppressing Palestine. This is not in line with the principle the nation was found in. Therefore, accordin g to Cramer, this is the reason why there is no peace in Israel. The soldiers after coming home from the war do not live in peace. According to Cramer (2004), there is no peace in the country. This is because the soldiers after breaking homes and killing innocent individuals at Palestine bounder do not live at peace with one another.Advertising Looking for report on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The young individual learn to oppress those how do not belong to their group. This has a far-reaching impact in the society since the nation will be composed of individuals who do not co-exist with one another hence there is lack of peace. This means that morality of the Israelites is affected by war against Palestine. Therefore, as long as war persists, there will be no peace in Israel. Israels aggression against Palestine is hurting the Israel military. According to crammer (2004), as long as Israel fights the Pa lestine, the military will be weakening day after day. This is because more soldiers are constantly killed and resources are used to support the war rather than being used for development purposes. Crammer argues that the war between the two nations is not helping none of them but brings more harm to their military. According to Cramer (2004), the Israelites have lost the moral standards and goals. This is because they treat Palestine more harshly. Though the Israelites have been subjected to violence for several decades, Cramer believes that the Israelites should be kind to Palestine. This is because they have suffered for more than half a century and, probably, know how it feels to be oppressed. This is not the case with the Israelites. The reason is because their moral standards have been degraded. According to Cramer, the continued lack of morality among the Israelites is the main reason why there is no peace in Israel. Cramer (2004) wonders how just and humane nation can treat the Palestinians so harshly. This is because of demolition of homes in the west bank and Gaza. The homes belong to the Palestinians. This also led to the killing of innocent individuals together with the targeted Palestinians. Cramer wonders how the Israeli Supreme Court does not bother to assist Palestine. This shows how the democracy and justice have degraded in this nation. According to Cramer (2004), the lack of social justice and morality among the citizens is the reason why there is no peace in Israel.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Why There Is No Peace In Israel? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The two nations have been in bounder crisis for so long. This has affected everybody in the two societies. Each society accuses the other for the crisis. This has made it difficult to get a long lasting solution to this crisis. In the last part of the book, Cramer tries to give solutions to these problems. He calls upon the leader of the two nations, that is Ariel Sharon, of Israel and Yasser Arafat, to come together and settle disputes peacefully. This was the only solution to bring peace in Israel but it did not happen. The two did not get long-term solutions of the bounder crisis. This has worsened insecurity at the bounder. The Jews and the Palestinians are affected alike. The more Israel oppresses the Palestinian, the more the situation worsens. The Palestinians formulate the ways of defending themselves, revenge, while the Israelites formulate ways of attacking Palestine, and occupy the areas that they believe belongs to them. During the operation, homes especially for the Palestine are destroyed. People, especially children and women, are killed. This act is condemned by Cramer (2004) since he wonders how the Israelites are treating Palestine so harshly. Cramer states that the morality among the Israelites has disappeared in the recent past. Conclusion According to Cramer (2004), the p rinciple of Israel as a nation was to be the light unto the nations of the word. According to Cramer’s observation, Israel does not live by this principle. Basing the argument on this point, Israel will only have peace when they observe the principle forming the state. This is because without the moral standards being observed, the war against the Palestine will go on and, consequently, no peace in Israel. According to Cramer, the goals of the nation have been overlooked as the nation fights with Palestine. This shows that the nation has not settled down to serve the people. This is the major reason why even within the nation there is no peace. The book has explained how young individuals at their tender ages learn how to destroy property. This is something that does not belong to them. As well, young individuals learn to oppress the defenseless and the less fortunate in the society. This means that they do not learn what democracy is. This has propagated the degree of immora lity in the nation. With such immorality, the nation cannot be at peace.Advertising Looking for report on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Reference List Cramer, R. (2004). How Israel lost: the four questions. New York: Simon Schuster.

Carr and the Thesis

Edward Carr begins What is History? By saying what he thinks history is not†¦by being negative. In Carr’s words, what history is not, or should not be, is a way of constructing historical accounts that are obsessed with both the facts and the documents which are said to contain them. Carr believes that by doing this the profoundly important shaping power of the historian will surely be downplayed. Carr goes on to argue – in his first chapter- that this downgrading of historiography arose because mainstream historians combined three things: first, a simple but very strong assertion that the proper function of the historian was to show the past as ‘it really was’; second, a positivist stress on inductive method, where you first get the facts and then draw conclusions from them; and third – and this especially in Great Britain – a dominant empiricist rationale. Together, these constituted for Carr what still stood for the ‘commonsenseà ¢â‚¬â„¢ view of history: The empirical theory of knowledge presupposes a complete separation between subject and object. Facts, like sense-impressions, impinge on the observer from outside and are independent of his consciousness. The process of reception is passive: having received the data, he then acts on them†¦This consists of a corpus of ascertained facts†¦First get your facts straight, then plunge at your peril into the shifting sands of interpretation – that is the ultimate wisdom of the empirical, commonsense school of history. 2 Clearly, however, commonsense doesn’t work for Mr.Carr. For he sees this as precisely the view one has to reject. Unfortunately things begin to get a little complicated when Carr tries to show the light, since while it seems he has three philosophical ways of going about his studies one being epistemological and two ideological his prioritizing of the epistemological over the ideological makes history a science too complex for comprehension to anyone other than himself. Carr’s epistemological argument states that not all the ‘facts of the past’ are actually ‘historical facts. Furthermore, there are vital distinctions to be drawn between the ‘events’ of the past, the ‘facts’ of the past and the ‘historical’ facts. That ‘historical facts’ only become this way is by being branded so by recognized historians. Carr develops this argument as follows: What is a historical fact? †¦According to the commonsense view, there are certain basic facts which are the same for all historians and which form, so to speak, the backbone of history the fact, for example, that the battle of Hastings was fought in 1066. But this view calls for two observations. In the first place, it is not with facts like these that the historian is primarily concerned. It is no doubt important to know that the great battle was fought in 1066 and not 1065 or 1067†¦The historian must not get these things wrong. But when points of this kind are raised, I am reminded of Housman’s remark that ‘accuracy is a duty, not a virtue’. To praise a historian for his accuracy is like praising an architect for using well-seasoned timber. It is a necessary condition of his work, but not his essential function. It is precisely for matters of this kind that the historian is entitled to rely on what have been called the ‘auxiliary sciences’ of history archaeology, epigraphy, numismatics, chronology, and so-forth. 3 Carr thinks that the insertion of such facts into a historical account, and the significance which they will have relative to other selected facts, depends not on any quality intrinsic to the facts ‘in and for themselves,’ but on the reading of events the historian chooses to give: It used to be said that facts speak for themselves. This is, of course, untrue. The facts speak only when the historian calls on them: it is he who decides to which facts to give the floor, and in what order or context†¦The only reason why we are interested to know that the battle was fought at Hastings in 1066 is that historians regard it as a major historical event. It is the historian who has decided for his own reasons that Caesar’s crossing of that petty stream, the Rubicon, is a fact of history, whereas the crossings of the Rubicon by millions of other people†¦interests nobody at all†¦The historian is [therefore] necessarily selective. The belief in a hard core of historical facts existing objectively and independently of the historian is a preposterous fallacy, but one which it is very hard to eradicate. 4 Following on from this, Carr ends his argument with an illustration of the process by which a slight event from the past is transformed into a ‘historical fact’. At Stalybridge Wakes, in 1850, Carr tells us about a gingerbread seller being beaten to death by an angry mob; this is a well documented and authentic ‘fact from the past. But for it to become a ‘historical fact,’ Carr argues that it needed to be taken up by historians and inserted by them into their interpretations, thence becoming part of our historical memory. In other words concludes Carr: Its status as a historical fact will turn on a question of interpretation. This element of interpretation enters into every fact of history. 5 This is the substance of Carr’s first argument and the first ‘positionâ€⠄¢ that is easily taken away after a quick read his work. Thereby initially surmising that Carr thinks that all history is just interpretation and there are really no such things as facts. This could be an easily mislead conclusion if one ceases to read any further. If the interpretation of Carr stops at this point, then not only are we left with a strong impression that his whole argument about the nature of history, and the status of historical knowledge, is effectively epistemological and skeptical, but we are also not in a good position to see why. It’s not until a few pages past the Stalybridge example that Carr rejects that there was too skeptical a relativism of Collingwood, and begins a few pages after that to reinstate ‘the facts’ in a rather unproblematical way, which eventually leads him towards his own version of objectivity. Carr’s other two arguments are therefore crucial to follow, and not because they are explicitly ideological. The first of the two arguments is a perfectly reasonable one, in which Carr is opposed to the obsession of facts, because of the resulting common sense view of history that turns into an ideological expression of liberalism. Carr’s argument runs as follows. The classical, liberal idea of progress was that individuals would, in exercising their freedom in ways which took ‘account’ of the competing claims of others somehow and without too much intervention, move towards a harmony of interests resulting in a greater, freer harmony for all. Carr thinks that this idea was then extended into the argument for a sort of general intellectual laissez-faire, and then more particularly into history. For Carr, the fundamental idea supporting liberal historiography was that historians, all going about their work in different ways but mindful of the ways of others, would be able to collect the facts and allow the ‘free-play’ of such facts, thereby securing that they were in harmony with the events of the past which were now truthfully represented. As Carr puts this: The nineteenth century was, for the intellectuals of Western Europe, a comfortable period exuding confidence and optimism. The facts were on the whole satisfactory; and the inclination to ask and answer awkward questions about them correspondingly weak†¦The liberal†¦view of history had a close affinity with the economic doctrine of laissez-faire – also the product of a serene and self-confident outlook on the world. Let everyone get on with his particular job, and the hidden hand would take care of the universal harmony. The facts of history were themselves a demonstration of the supreme fact of a beneficent and apparently infinite progress towards higher things. 6 Carr’s second argument is therefore both straightforward and ideological. His point is that the idea of the freedom of the facts to speak for themselves arose from the happy coincidence that they just happened to speak liberal. But of course Carr did not. Thereby knowing that in the history he wrote the facts had to be made to speak in a way other than liberal (i. e. in a Marxist type of way) then his own experience of making ‘the facts’, his facts, is universalized to become everyone’s experience. Historians, including liberals, have to transform the ‘facts of the past’ into ‘historical facts’ by their positioned intervention. And so, Carr’s second argument against ‘commonsense’ history is ideological. For that matter, so is the third. But if the second of Carr’s arguments is easy to see, his third and final one is not. This argument needs a little ironing out. In the first two critiques of ‘commonsense’ history, Carr has effectively argued that the facts have no ‘intrinsic’ value, but that they’ve only gained their ‘relative’ value when historians put them into their accounts after all the other facts were under consideration. The conclusion Carr drew is that the facts only speak when the historian calls upon them to do so. However, it was part of Carr’s position that liberals had not recognized the shaping power of the historian because of the ‘cult of the fact’ and that, because of the dominance of liberal ideology, their view had become commonsense, not only for themselves, but for practically all historiography. It appeared to Carr that historians seemed to subscribe to the position that they ought to act as the channel through which ‘the facts of the past for their own sake’ were allowed self-expression. But Carr, not wanting to go the route of his fellow historians, nor wanting to succumb to the intellectual complaints about the demise of the experience of originality, says: In the following pages I shall try to distance myself from prevailing trends among Western intellectuals†¦to show how and why I think they have gone astray and to stake out a claim, if not for an optimistic, at any rate for a saner and more balanced outlook on the future. 7 It is therefore this very pointed position which stands behind and gives most, if not all, of the reason for Carr’s writing What is History? Carr himself seems to be quite clear that the real motive behind his text was the ideological necessity to re-think and re-articulate the idea of continued historical progress among the ‘conditions’ and the doubters of his own ‘skeptical days’. Carr’s ‘real’ concern was ‘the fact’ that he thought the future of the whole modern world was at stake. Carr’s own optimism cannot be supported by ‘the facts’, so that his own position is just his opinion, as equally without foundation as those held by optimistic liberals. Consequently, the only conclusion that can arguably be drawn is that ‘the past’ doesn’t actually enter into historiography, except rhetorically. In actuality there should be no nostalgia for the loss of a ‘real’ past, no sentimental memory of a more certain time, nor a panic that there are no foundations for knowledge other than rhetorical conversation.

Build your own Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Build your own - Essay Example An Intel Iris Graphic is what I also added to the package. The retina display is truly amazing as it captures every sentimental moment of graphics in which I can enjoy movies and games. I think this Mac Book Pro is a great PC as it has amazing graphics. I wanted a machine that would allow me to have a lot of storage capacity, which made me push for 16GB. The 16GB was perfectly suited for me as I can store pictures, documents, and videos. Traditionally they come in 8 or 4GB. Moreover, a built-in battery that would allow me to charge for 9 hours. I opted for the 15-inch display, which was a better option. The 1TB flash storage came standard and was sufficient for my needs. My flash doesn’t have any moving parts, which makes it super durable and quiet. The storage was perfect for all-around luxury that I wanted. Another great feature I wanted in my machine was the two Thunderbolt 2 ports, two USB 3 ports, and an HDMI port. An HDMI port is a necessary for any Mac user who wants to connect to their television. Without a traditional optical drive, there’s room for ports conveniently located on both sides of the notebook. One of the best features that I wanted was the retina drive because it allowed me to have amazing graphics. I enhanced the MacBook Pro with PCIe-based flash storage. One of the greatest features I like about the Mac is the variety of applications that it offers. The MacBook comes with exotic applications that have many functions to the users. Every MAC comes with apps for creativity that are utilized for productivity. As a matter of fact, I also opted out for Iris Pro Graphics and advanced NVIDIA graphics. The NVIDIA graphics card is an excellent choice for video and photography.   I also opted for a 2880 x 1800 resolution on the 15‑inch MacBook  Pro so I can view movies in HD since I have Netflix. One of the things I always wanted MacBook Pro was Logic Pro X is an advanced music production application. This

Assess the impact of Byzantine and Sassanian cultures on Umayyad Essay

Assess the impact of Byzantine and Sassanian cultures on Umayyad secular architecture and its decoration, with reference to spec - Essay Example Previous to the ascend of the Islam culture in the earliest ADS- 5th and 6th Centuries- the persons, according to Blair & Bloom (2009) who lived in the Arab peninsula, had a main responsibility in shaping the present day Islam art. The then inhabitants of the Arab peninsula are comprehensive of the Byzantine in the Northwest whilst the Sassanian Empire was situated in the North East (Blair & Bloom, 2009). This paper shall evaluate the surfacing of the Islam world in relation to the Sassanian and Byzantine Empires, via an examination of the then cultures, the adjustments and adoption of the same to the Islam world. The paper shall also attempt to give clear instances such as Qusayr Al-Hayr East, Khirbat Al Mafjar, and Qusayr Amra amongst others. 2.0. The Byzantine Empire This empire as seen in the thoughts compiled by Ekhtiar (2011) was born out of the Roman Empire, and had Constantinople as its midpoint. The empire comprised of the Balkans - Palestine, Syrians, Egyptians, and Asia mi nors- and had Christianity as its major faith (Blair & Bloom, 2009). Nevertheless, the empire was also open to a Jewish population and other Christian sects. In relation to art, the empire has strong Roman roots that saw the empire have a great influence from pagan classical inheritance (Blair & Bloom, 2009). ... The then emperor, Justinian reconstructed the city of Antioch at Syria by dividing it into streets, by constructing sewers, fountains, and water channels (Ekhtiar, 2011). At the same time, the emperor built baths, theaters and other buildings to a great city (Ekhtiar, 2011). However, with time the city faced frequent tests ranging from inadequate funds to develop the city, but one would argue that the broad avenues and ‘modern’ buildings replaced the classical monuments and the general lifestyle of the town life (Blair & Bloom, 2009). On the other hand, Ekhtiar (2011) indicates that the Sassanian Empire was also developing gradually to urban civilization. 3.0. The Sassanian Empire Founded in the 208-40 AD by Ardashir, the empire became Rome Byzantine’s empire major challenger (Irwin, 1997). The empire stretches to the Far East from the Indus and Oxis rivers, and had had numerous conflicts with the Byzantine at the time of Justinian rule (Irwin, 1997). In the compi lation of Irwin (1997), the empire is said to practice the Zoroaster faith, though the Manichaenism was gaining root in the territory as well which used paintings to explain its message as seen in the Islam art, by its founder Mani (Irwin, 1997). The Sassanian is said to have a huge relationship with the Byzantine architecture, an explanation of the type of drinking cups used by the Sassanian portray a huge percentage of Dionysian imagery (Irwin, 1997).The Sassanian also used the scrolling vine from the Byzantine art, and the same is replicated in the then Islamic culture. The Sassanians are also indicated to have their motifs as the peacock, the winged crown and the palm that were

Awesome Tsunami Waves Essay Example for Free

Awesome Tsunami Waves Essay A tsunami is a series of water waves caused by the displacement of a large volume of a body of water, typically an ocean or a large lake. The effects of tsunami will bring a lot of problem to the nation and community. The effects of tsunami will bring a lot of problem to the nation and community . The general cause of tsunami is earthquakes and it will makes environmental impact and destruction. Firstly,the main cause of tsunami is from the effect of earthquakes. Tsunami, also called seismic sea waves or, incorrectly, tidal waves, generally are caused by earthquakes. Earthquakes can brings volcanic eruptions following to produce a truly awesome tsunami waves . For example ,the Great Kratatau Volcanic Eruption of 1883 generated giant waves reaching heights of 125 feet above sea-level, killing thousands of people and wiping out numerous coastal villages . Actually not all earthquakes generate tsunamis. To generate tsunamis, earthquakes must occur underneath or near the ocean, and must be large . Tsunami can happened in everywhere in the world , but in the Pacific Ocean there is a much more frequent occurrence of large because of the many large earthquakes along the margins of the Pacific Ocean. On the other hand,the effect of tsunami is it will brings environmental impact. Tsunami will destroy all the living things and then brings unbalanced of environment. The up root of trees and plants will destroys animal habitats. Land animals are killed by drowning and the sea animals are killed and poisoned by pollution if dangerous chemicals are broken and washed away into the sea . Besides, the solid waste and disaster debris also be a part of critical problem that have to face by government . Contamination of soil and water will affect the soil fertility of agricultural lands . For example, it may happened radiation resulting from damage to nuclear plants as it happened in Japan in March 2011. It will require a big cost and very long of time to government to recover the whole environment. The following effect by tsunami is detrimental destruction. The amount of energy and water contained in a huge tsunami can cause extreme destruction when it strikes land. The initial wave of huge tsunami keeps rising fast and floods powerfully into the coastal area. When the giant breaking waves of a tsunami batter the shoreline, they can destroy everything in their path such as boats, buildings, bridges, cars, trees, telephone lines, power lines and just about anything else in their way. Once the tsunami waves have knocked down infrastructure on the shore they may continue to travel for several miles inland, sweeping away more trees, buildings, cars and other man made equipment. In conclusion, all of the people should be educated and improve the knowledge on tsunami issue in order to protect themselves.

Euthanasia: The Right Choice for America Essay -- Argumentative Persua

Euthanasia: The Right Choice for America The ethical debate of euthanasia continues while Oregon remains the only state in which it is legalized in. Based on the success of the Oregon euthanasia law, this law should serve as a model to the rest of the nation and it should be implemented all across the U.S. The success and effectiveness of this law can be seen through many case studies and statistics. Of course, there is a line that is often crossed with doctors who euthanize under unlawful conditions; however, under the right circumstances euthanasia can work. Should the United States of America continue to overlook a patent’s wishes and desires and instead primarily focus on doing everything possible to keep a person alive when there is no need? Where is the rationality in letting a person who is suffering die a slow painful death? Granted physicians are obliged to preserve life at all costs, under many circumstances, there is no need for this effort. If a patient requests death, his wish should be respected and approved. Why must the right to die be taken away? If there is no justifiable reason to preserve someone’s life, there should be no need to do it. One example reflects the experiences of a man named David Miller’s grandmother. He shares a story of her after she was diagnosed with emphysema. The disease contributed to her inability to use her neck muscles, to breath, and to speak. Many question such a doctors’ judgment in keeping such a person, who’s both suffering and serving no purpose to the world, alive. (Miller, 27) Sometimes, doctors need to focus on the quality of life of a patient, especially if the patient is suffering. Terms such as passive euthanasia and active euthanasia are often tos... ...ide Largely Shunned.† The Christian Century Dec 2000: 1267 Buckley, William F. â€Å"Killer Doc.† National Review Dec 1998: 70 Kavanaugh, John F. â€Å"Euthanizing Life† America May 2001: 28 MacQueen, Ken. â€Å"Choosing Suicide† Maclean’s v. 115 no31 (August 5 2002) p. 40-1 Miller, David. â€Å"From Life in Death in a Peaceful Instant.† The Humanist (May/ June 2000) 27 Nichols, Mark. â€Å"Offering a Helping Hand to Those Who Long to Die.† Maclean’s March 1998: 52 Rayner, Clair. â€Å"You Say Murder, I Say Euthanasia.† New Statesman June 2000: 31 Richardson, Andrea E. â€Å"Death with Dignity: The Ultimate Human Right?† The Humanist (July/ Aug 2002) p. 42-43 Sarasohn, David. â€Å"No Last Rights† The Nation v.273 no19 (December 10 2001) p. 8 Welie, Jos V. M. â€Å"Why Physicians? Reflections on the Netherlands’ New Euthanasia Law.† The Hastings Center Report Jan/Feb 2002: 42-44

Native American Contribution to American Culture Essay

One of the most neglected aspects of early American history is the part that native peoples played in its culture, development and institutions. With out the natives, English settlers could not have survived the new land. While trading their metal tools and other goods, the natives gave them food supplies for the English to survive. At times the Indians showed generosity in providing gifts of food to the colony. On other occasions, encounters between the colonists and the tribes turned violent, and the Native Americans occasionally killed colonists who strayed alone outside the fort. (http://www. britannica. com/eb/article-247837/Jamestown-Colony#849030. hook) In fact the dependency on food that the English settlers had was so great that Captain John Smith ordered that those who did not work, would not eat. No settler went hungry and died under his rule. Finally, the Indians taught the new settlers how to plan crops and feed themselves off the land. This was the first step toward the help received by the Native Americans and their influence on America. They helped settlers grow corn, pumpkin, squash and many other things including that of tobacco. The tobacco industry was explosive in America. Tobacco was the first crop grown for money in North America. In 1612 the settlers of the first American colony in Jamestown, Virginia grew tobacco as a cash crop. It was their main source of money. Other cash crops were corn, cotton, wheat, sugar, and soybeans (Indians taught them how to plant them). Tobacco helped pay for the American Revolution against England. Also, the first President of the U. S. grew tobacco. (http://healthliteracy. worlded. org/docs/tobacco/Unit1/2history_of. html). The fur trade was a big connection that most of the Indian tribes had with white settlers. In fact, it because a problem amongst the natives hence much of the fur was traded for guns, white supplies, and whiskey. Starting in 1790, the federal government tried to regulate the Indian fur trade and the use of alcohol through a series of Trade and Intercourse Acts. (http://www. mountainsofstone. com/) Many settlers brought diseases with them as well that the natives could not cure or were not immune to. The new Americans moves out west once the government started selling the land. This land turned to expansion and exploration, which happened to be Indian lands. There was much bartering and selling land from the Indians but expansion also resulted in great suffering, destruction, and cultural loss for the Native Americans of North America. (http://encarta. msn. com/encyclopedia_761589809/Westward_Movement. html) They started developing settler’s ways and culture because it was forced on them by the millions of new settlers coming out west and trampling everything in their path. Native Americans, even today, fight to keep their past and culture alive.

Google Business Environment

Google's Business Environment Michael Lubrano Management 521 February 6, 2012 Sam Cunningham Google's Business Environment Investigating Google as a leader in the search engine industry proved to be extremely interesting. The company began back in 1996 under the guidance of Larry Page and Sergey Brin both graduate students from Stanford University. The original search engine was called â€Å"BackRub† a search engine working with connecting the importance of web pages using links.Google with such humble beginnings offered the services in a single language and offers their services in scores of languages. After careful review of Google’s income statement balance sheet and cash flow statement information it was clear the company is a leader in the industry. There are many companies trying to develop as large a customer base as Google but none to date have passed this Internet giant. While reviewing the annual data Google’s total revenue for the past three years has been on a continual increase.Recent conditions in the economy have not seemed to be a major hindrance to Google and seem not to have deterred its growth over the past few years. The statement tracks annual total revenue with numbers in thousands in December 2009 of $23,651,000 growing to $29,321,000 in December 2010 and an increase to $37,905,000 in December 2011 The growth shows an increase of almost 6,000,000 in 2009 -2010 and another $6,000,000 in 2011. With a potential climb of this magnitude for the years to come Google will be a force to be reckoned with on a continued level as it has been to the present day.The report also gave a gross profit figure with a continual annual growth gaining on a greater percentage level as well with an ability to add a larger amount of funding toward research and development increased by almost 2. 4 billion dollars in three years. Finally there was a net income applicable to common shares with a growth from 6. 5 billion in 2009 to 9. 7 billion i n 2011. In further review of Google’s balance sheet and cash flow statement information, Google shows a marked growth in cash and marketable securities from close to 24. 4 billion in 2009 growing to a whopping 44. billion in 2011 listing total assets of in excess of 72 billion in the fourth quarter of 2011. Reviewing the statements the predominant concern should be when if ever there will be a potential downside to the growth of Google. It has been on a steady climb and the statements portray continual growth for Google. Therefore there is usually concern with all growth in a positive direction slowing down over time. Many of the world’s industry leaders have a tendency to fall over time if growth is not clearly studied and additional products along with continued development of traditional products maintained.If the company can no longer keep up with demand or because growth in the industry inspires competition to develop, Google may lose some of the momentum. In the past former Google employees formed Twitter. Twitter has not been a problem for Google but as another company developing it can be in time. This along with others that may form due to the nature of the business can be a problem in the future. Google has been envied over the way they run their management teams. It has been said by many other managers employed by other companies the way Google approaches innovation is superior to many in the market today.The engineers are never expected to be non thinking. They are encouraged to dream and work with their own pet projects. Google encourages this and ensures the best ideas get the funding. According to Google’s Chief Executive Officer Eric Schmidt Google set up innovation reviews allowing department heads the opportunity to look at and compare all ideas discussing those with promise and allow those to proceed. This was due to the fear of ideas set aside and not allowed to develop. The concept was that one of those ideas set aside may be the one idea to be the next big money maker for Google.There are several companies that have comparable data to Google and can be clearly involved in benchmarking. Google has introduced analytics comparing data used by those companies along with Google to include visits, bounce rates, average time on site, new visits, page views, and pages per visits. According to Eric Schmidt â€Å"Today we have one very clear competitor, which is Microsoft, we used to two, with Yahoo, but Yahoo largely outsourced the search stuff to Microsoft. We see them as the core competitor; we have additional competition from different corners, so Facebook is a competitor in a bunch of properties and also for attention. Russell, p85. 2011)† Google has maintained the mantra not to be evil in its business endeavors and with the integrity it has maintained Google’s mission. That mission has been to bring information without censorship helping societies with heavy censorship to circumvent th e censors and gain access to all information. Google has been an innovative company and one of their strategies was Google Shared Spaces. This is a business efficiency increasing tool with the ability to share information needed by all in real time.This permits global businesses with many divisions in different locations and employees in need of brainstorming a means to do that brainstorming, surveys and time frame management in one gadget (Moons, 2011). Google also has developed through their Andriod creation application the ability for those who do not have a programming background, just ordinary people to create applications. This allows for a large amount of user made applications to be placed online. Many applications could not have been produced without this application.This was considered a revolutionary tool allowing for collective creativity from all over the globe to merge. It is also the catalyst for applications to be developed by those not as knowledgeable about program ming making the expectation of those applications to be much more user friendly. This brings the final global strategy in Google’s arsenal Aardvark. This program will be the platform connecting information seekers with information holders. Basically it connects those looking with those who have and this is a major move in the real-time search network.As a portion of this study it is also important to understand the Google culture. In this market of the day culture of a company is important as well as the attitude they carry in the business world. Its development has been above the norm in industry looking to keep its employees comfortable along with being hands on contributors and capable of doing many jobs. The employees are always able to pose questions directly to the founders Larry or Sergey at a weekly all hands meeting. The company is aggressively inclusive in their hiring and works to continue building a global team with many languages spoken within the company.The cor porate office known by the staffers as the Googleplex is headquarted in Mountain View, California, but their mission is to accommodate the entire world with information. Although the corporate office is in California the many offices around the world share similar attributes such as cubicles for the employees, bikes, and scooters to travel between meetings, hundreds of laptops, foosball, pool tables, volleyball courts, yoga, and dance classes offered, pianos, ping pong tables, and other items similar to unwind when stress is too high.There are also a variety of cafes within the complexes offering healthy lunches and dinners along with snacks and drinks to keep the Google staff going. The company has always kept the spirit of the crew being maintained at the highest level keeps the company at that level as well. Google also maintains these things they know to be true. First focus on the user and all else will follow. Second it is best to do one thing really, really well. Third fast i s better than slow. Fourth, democracy on the web works. Fifth, you do not need to be at your desk to need an answer. Sixth, you can make money without being evil.Seventh, there is always more information out there. Eighth, the need for information crosses all borders. Ninth, you can be serious without a suit. Tenth, Great just is not good enough. The attitude Google has is also one that believes finding answers on the web is not the problem of the individual searching but Google. They recognize the needs of the world information seekers and will continue to meet them with products and services. With a company that maintains this philosophy it is hard to think of any reasons they would not be in the position they are in at present.Google maintains a good healthy attitude and will be a presence for many years in the future. It also is easy to understand why they continue to dominant the competition and will continue to do so. In conclusion, Google is a force in the online information market that has no comparables at present time. There search engine is one of the most recognized and used more than others but also the Google site has a large advertisement base as well using their AdWords Express program. It was developed to place ads related to the content and relate to the users accessing the information page.Google has incorporated ways to show relevant ads allowing visitors to search the site helping to monetize, promote, and measure the success of the site as well. This is one factor that keeps Google in front and ahead of the competition. There are many who offer some form of information and information sharing Microsoft and Facebook are two to mention yet both of these along with the others now operating with too small a presence to be mentioned today have a large mountain to climb to be close to Google’s size, strength, abilities, and success.It is not impossible for a new and innovative company to develop that will someday give Google some competi tion but as of today there are none close to their level and there does not seem to be many in their shadows, either. References 2011 Google financial tables retrieved February from http://investor. google. com/financial/tables. html Anthony, S. (June 22, 2009). The search engine company famous for creative freedom is realizing there's a place for discipline, too, according to Scott Anthony Harvard Business. Org Russell, J. December 2011), Eric Schmidt discusses Google’s competitors, China, acquisitions and more. Retrieved February 5, 2011 from http://thenextweb. com/google/2011/12/27/eric-schmidt-discusses-googles-competitors-china-acquisitions-and-more/ Moons, L. (February 23, 2011), Google’s Global Development Strategies, Retrieved February 6, 2012 from http://www. businessandsoftwarestrategyforglobalisation. com/google%E2%80%99s-global-development-strategies/ The Google Culture, Retrieved February 6, 2012 from http://www. google. com/about/company/culture. html

The Revolutionary Age of Andrew Jackson Essays

The Revolutionary Age of Andrew Jackson Essays The Revolutionary Age of Andrew Jackson Paper The Revolutionary Age of Andrew Jackson Paper Essay Topic: Revolutionary Road Subject Matter The Age of Andrew Jackson was a time of revolution when enormous changes were â€Å"shaking and transforming America. † Prominent figures â€Å"wrestl[ed] with the nation’s prospects and with each other,† further shaping the people and its democratic government. (Remini, i) Every decision Jackson and his men made in some way or another affected the social, economical, and political aspects of life in the Age of Jackson. Once Andrew Jackson took office, the people immediately embarked on a journey to develop a closer relationship with the government. Though conflicts, many times over particular issues concerning the nation’s practices and patterns, occurred between the President and Congress, Jackson proved to be a â€Å"living symbol of the advance of American democracy† and, eventually, Congress seemed to agree. (Remini 27) The Revolutionary Age of Andrew Jackson is arranged into three parts, or â€Å"books†. Each describes events primarily through the accounts of prominent historical figures such as Webster, Clay, and Jackson. The events, spanning from westward expansion to the days of Jackson, are presented chronologically. Book I of The Revolutionary Age of Jackson, titled â€Å"A New Age† talks of how â€Å"American society itself had changed. † The nation simply â€Å"throbbed and pulsed with energy. † People began to believe in equality of opportunity. They believed that â€Å"no one should have special privileges†¦ Government must†¦ prevent any one from gaining an advantage over the others. † (Remini, 15) Many issues had also risen, many concerning preserving the Union, slavery, Indian presence, and etc. And â€Å"central to all these issues† was Andrew Jackson. Jackson’s election â€Å"marked a new beginning in the relationship between the government and the people† Never had there been such an inauguration of a President. Never before had the â€Å"ordinary citizen- the common man- so spontaneously expressed his enthusiasm for a new administration. † (Remini, 33) It already shows that the people and the government were bonding. It was â€Å"the beginning of truly popular government in America† and all because of Andrew Jackson and his administration. (Remini, 150) The Age of Jackson marked the beginning of modern political campaigning. Now he politicians were reaching out to the masses, employing â€Å"gimmicks of all kinds to arouse and sustain popular interest in the activities of the party. † (Remini, 50) All the proof needed to argue that popular government had indeed arrived was seen in the constant rise of the number of voters and by looking at the candidates elected into office. To a large extent, popular government emerged because of a small group of men: Martin Van Buren, Henry Clay, Daniel Webster, Thomas Harton Benton, and John C. Calhoun. Book II, titled â€Å"Issues and Answers†, is where Remini presents his purpose. He presents the many issues of the time- â€Å"how to make America truly democratic; how to hold the Union together, when slavery was threatening to tear it apart; what to do with the Indians†¦ how to solve the fierce power struggle between the President and the Congress†- and explains the actions of Jackson and how he changed American life. (Remini, i) Making America truly democratic began with politics. Jackson believed that government jobs belonged to all and thus supported the principal of rotation to avoid corruption of the office holders. Rotation meant that more people served. And when more people served, there was a more democratic system. â€Å"It seemed to the ordinary citizen that the people themselves had finally assumed control of their government. † (Remini, 135) Whether or not a democracy truly came to America can be debated. What matters is that the people believed democracy had come. When the Civil War drew near, many Americans â€Å"wistfully looked back to the Age of Jackson and remembered how their President had guided the country away from secession and its bloody consequence. (Remini, 84) He exerted notable leadership and had the desire to â€Å"save the Union. † A debate concerning states’ rights commenced with Calhoun and Jackson on different sides. While Calhoun worked to defend the rights of the South, Jackson â€Å"did everything within his power to work out a compromise. † (Remini, 103) The president had successfully avoided armed conflict and the breakup of the Union by issuing the Compromise Tariff of 1833. The Indian problem proved to be an â€Å"ugly contradiction to the general democratic mood of the Jacksonian age. (Remini, 105) While many Americans felt Indians blocked the progress of â€Å"the civilized white man,† Jackson felt they made notable advances. He acted out of concern for the well-being of the Indians, moving them out west of the Mississippi because â€Å"it was necessary to preserve [their] life and culture. † (Remini, 113) Apparently, the democratic government freely elected by the people had solved the Indian problem to its own satisfaction. It is â€Å"a terrible contradiction† that a powerful democratic nation had solved one of its problems by the â€Å"near extinction of the entire race of people. Despite the severity and the cruel nature of the matter, what Jackson did was possibly the only course of action they could take. With such an explosive fervor for land and expansion, the Indians were at threat, and Jackson had placed them beyond â€Å"the reach of injury or oppression. † (Remini, 120) Book III, titled â€Å"The Growth of Presidential Power†, concerns the struggle between the President and Congress. The Bank War, a substantial issue under Jackson’s administration, runs through the entire last third of The Revolutionary Age of Andrew Jackson. A quote from Henry Clay calls it a â€Å"revolution†¦ tending towards a total change of the†¦ character of the Government. † (Remini, 124) The Bank of the United States had gained a considerable amount of power, controlling financial operations of the entire country. Such privileges â€Å"ran contrary to the spirit of this democratic age. † (Remini, 128) Jackson, thinking that the Bank was dangerous to the government, wrote a veto message and sent it to Congress in 1832. It â€Å"changed and amplified the fundamental power of the President. (Remini, 134) Whereas previous vetoes were issued by question of constitutionality, Jackson believed the President can veto a bill when he felt it harmed the nation. This interpretation of presidential â€Å"prerogatives† changed the relationship between the legislative and executive branches of government. The Presidential Election of 1832 was the first election in which the American people were â€Å"actually inv ited to decide an important issue. † (Remini, 140) Also, the selection of candidates was conducted in a more democratic manner than ever before. The election marked the beginning of the end for the Bank of the United States, and it also signaled the democratization of the electoral process. â€Å"A climate of respect and regard for the popular will† had risen, and this was â€Å"one of the great contributions of the Jacksonian era. † (Remini, 151) â€Å"’The President is the direct representative of the American people,’† said by Jackson, was truly a revolutionary statement. It â€Å"certainly did not accord with the practice or beliefs of previous Presidents,† and it â€Å"restructured the government to the advantage of the executive branch. (Remini, 165) Many prominent figures such as Calhoun and Clay rose up against the President and accused him of despotism. However, finally finding acceptance of his theory, Jackson altered the essential character of the presidency. The President from this point on became the â€Å"true† head of government. Remini finally finishes his book with a conclusive chapter. He praises Jackson for increasing the number of ordinary individuals involved in the functioning of the government, exercising a leadership new to presidential history, and redefining the presidency in its relationship with Congress and the people. The Jacksonian Era broad about a â€Å"new breed of politician who preached the doctrine of popular rule,† and represented the political beginnings of modern America. (Remini, 178) Thesis The author explicitly states that â€Å"the revolutionary Age of Andrew Jackson changed much of America’s way of life. It established the nation’s basic political practices and patterns. It stands at the beginning of the modern America we have inherited. † (Remini, ii) Jackson was one of the people, spoke for the people, and acted for the people. He was the people’s President, and because of his beliefs, he revolutionized American politics. America was changed forever. Politically, Jackson created a truly popular government in spirit. The people of America were always supporting the President, whose first election was already the most enthusiastic of the time. More of the masses began voting and more of them began looking at the candidates running in office. The rotation system even brought more of the people themselves into office. Activity in the political parties sparked and contributed much into the dvancement of democracy within the nation. Andrew Jackson ultimately â€Å"brought the people and the government closer together. † The time period was thus coined the era of â€Å"Jacksonian Democracy. † (Remini, 66) His leadership created a precedent for future presidents to come. His â€Å"desire to save the Union† did save the Union in a time when the issue of slavery first made its way over the country. The way he handled the issues was unmatchable, as proven from the failure to avoid the Civil War decades later. Remini, 84) Also, as a President who â€Å"had sworn to uphold the Constitution and faithfully execute the laws of the United States,† he did â€Å"not tolerate defiance of the national government,† exercising the use of government military strength. (Remini, 102-103) A result of the Bank War was an increase in presidential power. Jackson’s relentless use of vetoes proves that. The War also â€Å"altered the fundamental structure of government. † (Remini, 123) When Congress declares a bill constitutional, it doesn’t mean that it has to be signed. According to Jackson, if one feels it unconstitutional, it isn’t necessary. It is up to the people, who are â€Å"equally entitled to protection by law. † (Remini, 136) The conventional system was also changed by the age of Jackson. â€Å"More people were involved in the process†¦ They represented every section, state, class, and economic interest and most political views in the nation. † The system provided for electoral success and the purposes of democracy were well served. The traditional notion that voting was only for the rich vanished, and Jackson changed the entire direction of government. He â€Å"marked a new beginning in American political history† by saying, â€Å"The President is the direct representative of the American people, and he is elected by the people and responsible to them. † (Remini, 165) This revolutionary philosophy changed the course of presidential history and its relationship with the Congress and its people. Remini, again, emphasizes the influence of the revolutionary age of Andrew Jackson, which created fundamental practices for the future. Though it was a time of departure from traditional operations of government, it represented the political beginning of a modern America. Critique Robert V. Remini is qualified for being a notable author, clearly demonstrating his scholarship in the Jacksonian Era from his many novels about the time period. Though retired from teaching history and humanities at the University of Illinois at Chicago, he still retains his title as a venerable professor. Not only is he consultant to â€Å"The Papers of Andrew Jackson,† the â€Å"official project which will publish all of Jackson’s important papers and correspondence,† but he is also Historian of the United States House of Representatives, commissioned to study and document its past. Goodman, 2) Even Christina Jeffrey, a visiting Professor of Politics at Coastal Carolina University agrees, saying that â€Å"he is beyond question superbly qualified to be Historian of the House of Representatives. † He is, without denying, â€Å"one of our greatest living American Historians. † (Goodman, 4) Remini’s The Revolutionary Age of Andrew Ja ckson employs many quotations from many documents of the Age of Jackson, which primarily give the novel a more narrative feel as well as provide evidence for Remini’s claims. Throughout the novel, many quotations were taken from prominent historical figures, travelers, and foreign visitors during the time. For instance, Remini was describing the changes of American society, and the words of Daniel Webster proved that the Jacksonian Age was â€Å"wholey [sic] of a different character from the past† while the words of an Englishman stated that the continent â€Å"present[ed] a scene of scrambling and roars with greedy hurry. † (Remini, 5) At one point in the novel, instead of telling the death of Rachel, Jackson’s wife, in a factual, unadorned manner, the author describes the scenes with vividness. According to Remini, Jackson had â€Å"spent the night by Rachel’s side, his face in his hands, grieving†¦ He would look into the face and feel the heart and pulse of the one to whom he was totally and utterly devoted. † (Remini, 28) As shown, the effectiveness of the presentation is not only enhanced by authentic pieces of hard evidence, but also augmented by the author’s style of writing. Robert V. Remini presents a thesis with plenty of evidence to justify his claims about the Jacksonian Era. Much of it is from dialogue of significant people and common folk which significantly raises the book’s credibility because change in American life an’t be proven without what people have actually said during the time. And all this evidence is structured in such a way that the Age of Andrew Jackson comes alive in all areas of life: political, economical, and social. All these aspects of life were delved deep into, and Remini made sure that each one was explained to the fullest in as little bias as possible. Modern day government was sparked by the Age of Jackson, which Remini fully explains, and the change that he talks about is undeniable. The Revolutionary Age of Andrew Jackson proves to be an interesting book. Richard Norton Smith, while commenting on one of Remini’s works, praises him for having research that is â€Å"impeccable, his storytelling on a par with his outsized subject. And what a story he has to tell. † (Goodman, 3) Remini purposely sets up his story with such a fashion that Jackson turns into a protagonist while the others turn into antagonists. Jackson is a hero who had sworn to â€Å"uphold the Constitution and faithfully execute the laws of the United States† and his enemies such as Nicholas Biddle were described as â€Å"arrogant† with â€Å"questions about [their] integrity. (Remini, 102) This book is highly recommended for its novelty in history telling and its fundamentality to an understanding of contemporary American government. Evaluation The American Pageant and The Revolutionary Age of Andrew Jackson, though drawing upon the same conclusions, treat Andrew Jackson’s career quite differently. The American Pageant expresses more o f a negative tone toward the man than does Robert V. Remini. The spoils system, for example, was treated quite differently. Remini’s book calls it the â€Å"rotation† system, and treats it as a great democratic tool that brought about a closer relationship between the people and its government. The textbook, on the contrary, emphasizes the scandal when one million dollars was extracted from the Washington government by Samuel Swartwout. Although The American Pageant affirms the fact that the system was â€Å"an important element of the emerging two-party order,† it accentuated the negative aspects of the system rather than the positive, which contrasts greatly with The Revolutionary Age of Andrew Jackson. (Pageant, 263) The nullification crisis during the 1830s was also treated in different manners. The textbook credits Calhoun for saving the country from armed conflict. He was â€Å"the true hero of the hour,† not Jackson. Instead, the President was a â€Å"cantankerous general† and threatened the states if they were to secede. (Pageant, 265) The Revolutionary Age of Andrew Jackson disagrees, praising the President as a man â€Å"sworn to uphold the Constitution and faithfully execute the laws. † (Remini, 102) Both texts, however, agree that the next time the â€Å"nullies† and the Union clash, it would be a time when compromise would prove more elusive. The Native American problem was also presented differently. The American Pageant noted Jackson’s â€Å"callous jibe at the Indians’ defender,† the Congress, and his harsh comment, â€Å"John Marshall has made his decision; now let him enforce it. † (Pageant, 267) Yet, Remini goes on to explain that Jackson â€Å"acted out of concern for the well-being of the Indians and for their civilization,† which completely opposes the first description. (Remini, 111) It was undeniable that these views are at odds, but the fact is that the Indians were moved to reservations after having attempted to assimilate them into white culture. The American Pageant only spends a few pages on the President and doesn’t go quite as far in depth as Remini’s The Revolutionary Age of Jackson. It is interesting to note the different views of President Andrew Jackson. Some may view him as a very controversial man, while others may view him the same way Remini does. The facts are given in The American Pageant, but The Revolutionary Age of Andrew Jackson gives the facts and tells an intriguing story that speaks of the triumphs of a once living symbol of American democracy.

A financial report on Tullow Oil Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

A financial report on Tullow Oil - Essay Example Head Quartered in London, Tullow employees more than 250 people all over the world with production capacity of approximately 80000 barrels per day. In 2007 company was drilling more than 40 wells spread across the globe. The overall global strategy of Tullow has always remained in the domain of making long term investments in assets and markets where company’s skills and expertise can make a difference. Besides investing in long term assets, Tullow follow a consistent strategy of following growth. Tullow’s focus has always remained on the exploration and exploitation of its existing resource base with more operational innovation and active portfolio management. It is because of this strategy that company is focusing on acquiring assets and making acquisitions in order to create synergy and achieve value for its stakeholders. Company is also continuously focusing on making capital expenditures and reinvesting the major portion of its profits into the business in order to fund growth of the business through its own internal resources. The beta is negative because of the fact that stock returns and market returns almost run parallel in opposite directions. The tullow stock has continuously risen in price whereas FTSE over the period of 52 weeks has shown a negative return. UK Gilts are considered as the most secure securities as they are backed up by the government of UK. In every market, all government securities issued are considered as risk free investments and returns offered by them are almost considered as risk free rate of investment. Therefore to make a direct comparison between risks free investment security and a security open to most of the risks in the market in a direct way will be little bit difficult to make. It is because of the fact that all other securities other than offered by the government are virtually open to every risk under the sky however government securities are, to some